Integumentary System

The Integumentary System Basic Structure of the Skin 1. Complete the accompanying explanations by composing the suitable word or expression on the correspondingly numbered clear: Epidermis The two fundamental tissues of which the skin is made are thick sporadic 1. _____________________________ connective tissue, which makes up the dermis, and 1 , which shapes the epiKeratin dermis. The extreme water-repellent protein found in the epidermal cells is called 2. ____________________________ 2 . The shades melanin and 3 add to skin shading. A restricted Carotene grouping of melanin is alluded to as a 4 . 3. _____________________________ Freckle 4. _____________________________ 2. Four defensive elements of the skin are a. b. Security ____________________________________________ Temperature guideline ____________________________________________ c. d. Forestalls water misfortune _________________________________________ minor excretory framework _________________________________________ 3.U sing the key decisions, pick all reactions that apply to the accompanying portrayals. Key: a. b. c. layer basale layer corneum layer granulosum d. e. f. Layer Lucidum Stratum corneum and layer lucidum papillary layer dermis overall epidermis all in all layer basale layer corneum layer spinosum dermis in general layer basale layer basale papillary layer lucidum layer spinosum papillary layer g. reticular layer h. epidermis in general I. dermis overall 1. translucent cells in toughness containing keratin fibrils 2. dead cells 3. ermal layer liable for fingerprints 4. vascular district 5. significant skin territory that produces subordinates (nails and hair) 6. epidermal district showing the most fast cell division 7. scalelike dead cells, loaded with keratin, that continually swamp off 8. mitotic cells loaded up with moderate fibers 9. has bountiful versatile and collagenic filaments 10. area of melanocytes and Merkel cells 11. zone where weblike pre-keratin fibers initially seem 12. locale of areolar connective tissue 45 4. Mark the skin structures and regions showed in the going with chart of slim skin.Then, complete the explanations that follow. Hair Shaft Stratum Corneum Stratum granulosum Stratum Spinosum Epidermis Layers Stratum Basale nerve endings hair follicle Sebaceous organ Melanocytes Arrector pili muscle Dermis Reticular layer Sweat organ Blood vessel Subcutaneous tissue or Hair Root Hypodermis Vein Adipose cells Pacinian Corpuscle (profound weight receptor) a. Lamellated granules expelled from the keratinocytes forestall water misfortune by dissemination through the epidermis. b. c. Organs that react to rising androgen levels are the sebaceous and apocrine terrains. d. Phagocytic cells that possess the epidermis are called langerhans cells . e. A one of a kind touch receptor shaped from a layer basale cell and a nerve fiber is a merkel circle f. What layer is available in toughness however not in meager skin? layer lucidum g. 46 Fibers in the dermi s are created by fibroblasts What cell-to-cell structures hold the cells of the layer spinosum firmly together? demosomes Review Sheet 7 . . 5. What substance is made in the skin that assumes a job in calcium assimilation somewhere else in the body? Nutrient D 6.List the tangible receptors found in the dermis of the skin. free nerve endings, messiners corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles 7. An attendant tells a specialist that a patient is cyanotic. Characterize cyanosis. What does its quality infer? tissues close to the skin surface are low on oxygen 8. What is a bedsore (decubitus ulcer)? For what reason does it happen? blue or purple shading to the skin or mucous layers confined zone of tissue rot expanded weight over hard regions limit blood flexibly to the territory Accessory Organs of the Skin 9. Match the key decisions with the suitable portrayals. Key: a. . c. arrector pili cutaneous receptors hair sebaceous organs arrector pili sweat organ apocrine hair follicle sweat organ apoc rine sebaceous organs hair and nail cutaneous receptors sebaceous organs nail d. e. f. hair follicle nail sebaceous organs g. h. sweat glandâ€apocrine sweat glandâ€eccrine 1. produces a gathering of slick material that is known as an acne 2. minuscule muscles, appended to hair follicles, that pull the hair upstanding during dread or cold 3. sweat organs with a job in temperature control 4. sheath framed of both epithelial and connective tissues . less various kind of sweat creating organ; discovered for the most part in the pubic and axillary locales 6. found wherever on the body with the exception of the palms of hands and bottoms of feet 7. principally dead/keratinized cells 8. particular nerve endings that react to temperature, contact, and so on 9. secretes a grease for hair and skin 10. â€Å"sports† a lunula and a fingernail skin Review Sheet 7 47 10. Depict two integumentary framework systems that help in directing internal heat level. sweat organs sweat assists with diminishing warmth from the skins surface.Arterioles enlarge the skin, at that point the hairlike system of the dermis gets engorged with the warmed blood, at that point heat is permitted to emanate from the skin surface. 11. A few structures or skin locales are recorded beneath. Distinguish each by coordinating its letter with the suitable region on the figure. C a. fat cells b. dermis c. epidermis d. hair follicle e. hair shaft f. sloughing layer corneum cells F E B D A Plotting the Distribution of Sweat Glands 12. With what substance in the bond paper does the iodine painted on the skin respond? starch 13.Based on class information, which skin areaâ€the lower arm or palm of handâ€has more perspiration organs? Palm Was this a normal outcome? ______ Explain. Which other body territories would, whenever tried, demonstrate to have a high thickness of sweat organs? 14. What organ framework controls the action of the eccrine perspiration organs? soles of the charge, temple s ensory system Dermography: Fingerprinting 15. For what reason can fingerprints be utilized to recognize people? epidermal edges found on your fingers are one of a kind and constant all through your lifetime. 16. Name the three normal unique mark designs. Curves 48 Review Sheet 7 , Loops , and Whorls Integumentary System

Occupational Injuries in the Construction Industry

Albeit word related wounds and fatalities are basic in the development business, various components intervene their event. Richardson, Loomis, Bena, and Bailer (2004) attest that observational proof keeps on supporting the thought that division of work over the United States remains grounded on ethnicity and race, as minority bunches experience separation (Richardson et al.,2004).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Occupational Injuries in the Construction Industry explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research about word related wounds and mishaps demonstrates that the development business in the United States is the most perilous; notwithstanding, it is a low-paying industry that uses HR from ethnic minorities (Menzel Gutierrez, 2010). By and large, the development business in the United States is among the biggest ventures, the biggest manager, and the most risky enterprises, which add to around 20% of the yearly word related fatalities detailed ov er the United States (Brunette, 2004). The Latino people group is one of the foreigner networks in the United States that give fundamental work to the development business however frequently thought to be powerless against wounds and fatalities than different ethnicities. A group of proof shows that Latino men, who work in the development business, keep on encountering higher paces of word related wounds and related fatalities than different laborers do in the United States. In a particular contemporary examination, Roelofs et al. (2011) embraced a subjective examination about the points of view of Hispanic specialists in the development business with respect to factors affecting word related dangers and wellbeing. Sequentially, utilizing two center gathering interviews with Hispanic development laborers, Roelofs et al. . (2011) uncover that Hispanic specialists for the most part have higher dangers of word related wounds than different ethnicities, as 3.7, 3.4, and 3.0 are episodes of wounds per 100,000 laborers among the Hispanics, the Whites, and the Blacks separately. Besides, as indicated by Brunette (2014), the Hispanics for the most part establish the most elevated populace of the workforce in the development, which is assessed at 18% of workforce with proof showing that Hispanic constructors are consistently rising lopsidedly when contrasted with different ethnicities in the development business. Comparative examinations have continued in a few investigations to legitimize the cases of powerlessness of Hispanic development laborers to wounds and fatalities. By utilizing the national statistics reconnaissance framework to decide workforce fatalities, Richardson et al. (2004, p. 1756) â€Å"investigated lethal word related injury rates in the United States by race and Hispanic ethnicity during the period 1990-1996.† In the Southern pieces of the United States, 7.9 instances of deadly wounds in each 100,000 specialist years related with the Hispani c development laborers, while just 6.9 instances of deadly wounds in each 100,000 specialist years related with the White development workers.Advertising Looking for report on designing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hispanic development laborers don't decide to participate in hazardous exercises of the development business as research has examined the inclining factors that open these constructors to such conditions. As indicated by Roelofs et al. (2011), a few interrelated elements add to an inclination of Hispanic development laborers to wounds and fatalities in the development business. As the foreigner network in the United States, Hispanics are among the minimized networks. Scientists have built up various components that incline the Latino male constructors to word related wounds and mishaps. Roelofs et al. (2011) hypothesize that â€Å"language boundaries, social contrasts, absence of wellbeing preparing, monetar y hindrance, absence of development experience, and consigned to the most perilous employments inside development are major inclining factors† (p. 1). Concerning language boundary as an inclining variable to word related wounds and fatalities, Latino men similar to other outsider networks have minimal etymological aptitudes in the utilization of English (Ochsner et al., 2012). Because of their powerlessness to convey smoothly in English and ace wellbeing working environment safety measures, their odds of bringing about wounds remain generally high. Menzel and Gutierrez (2010) affirm such thoughts in an examination of 30 Latino constructors. Despite the fact that organizations at times give workers security preparing and some necessary materials, the interpretation of language is customarily poor and along these lines Latino constructors scarcely appreciate directions (Menzel Gutierrez, 2010). Out of the 30 members, seven referenced that they felt embarrassed about their pronun ciation. Socially, Latino specialists are enterprising, a quality that make bosses in the development business to target them. The idea that Latino specialists worth and grasp difficult work places them in a deplorable domain in the development business that is inclined to mishaps (Ochsner et al., 2012). Conventional estimations of Latinos grasp difficult work and along these lines incline Latinos to risky work, which is the monetary action of supporting their families. Aside from language obstructions and social contrasts, development businesses have little worry for the government assistance of the Latino constructors. As indicated by Brunette (2004), low instruction and absence of fitting and successful security preparing are huge issues that arrange Latino male constructors to word related wounds and fatalities. Financial imbalances are among the noteworthy elements that power the Latino male constructors to take part in dangerous endeavors exclusively to accommodate their famil ies (Richardson et al., 2004). Fitness and abilities decide the adequacy and readiness of laborers in the development business. Since Latino specialists need ability in the development business, their odds of causing mishaps are generally high. Latino men once in a while hold top administration positions in the development business and thusly constrain them to perform humble employments, which are dangerous as well as ineffective. References Brunette, M. (2004). Development wellbeing research in the United States: focusing on the Hispanic workforce. Injury Prevention, 10(4), 244â€248.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Occupational Injuries in the Construction Industry explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Menzel, N., Gutierrez, A. (2010). Latino Worker Perceptions of Construction Risks. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 53(2), 179â€187. Ochsner, M., Marshall, E., Martino, C., Pabelon, M., Kimmel, L., Rostran, D. (2012). Past the homeroo m a contextual analysis of foreigner security contacts in private development. New Solutions, 22(3), 365-386. Richardson, D., Loomis, D., Bena, J., Bailer, J. (2004). Lethal Occupational Injury Rates in Southern and Non-Southern States, by Race and Hispanic Ethnicity. American Journal of Public Health, 94(10), 1756-1761. Roelofs, C., Martinez, L., Brunette, M., Azaroff, L. (2011). A subjective examination of Hispanic development laborer points of view on factors affecting worksite security and hazard. Natural Health, 10(84), 1-9. This report on Occupational Injuries in the Construction Industry was composed and presented by client Archer Wiley to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

The Changing World of Work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Changing World of Work - Research Paper Example Over the most recent ten years, occupations have been redistributed in enormous numbers and a sensational change has happened in the area and strategy for work. Another key driver of the cutting edge and all the more significantly, the future age is decent variety in the working environment. The change of the world into a worldwide town has expelled the social obstructions. An ever increasing number of individuals relocate to different nations consistently for studies, work or both. This has made society multicultural by and large and the working environment specifically. There is the decent variety old enough, sexual orientation, culture, language, ethnicity, religion and station. These components of assorted variety offer ascent to the assortment of viewpoints which are very helpful for associations in the serious condition, and yet, additionally open the association to a great deal of dangers. A portion of the dangers incorporate prejudice and broken clashes among the representati ves while benefits incorporate bigger market esteem due to a differing populace of clients. Chiefs have encountered a critical increment in work obligations as they need to address the requirements of the clients as well as need to satisfy the expanded requests of representatives. As indicated by (Heerden), explore reasons that youthful representatives in a general sense search for three things in the changing universe of work. They are quickly talked about underneath: 1. Open doors for learning and advancement: Young individuals look for employments where work would be testing, yet they need to be compensated after succeeding. Proficient development at work is the greatest fascination for youthful activity searchers. Individuals need to serve in various positions and perform various jobs so as to increase most extreme experience. 2. Choice in a prestigious association which would choose the vocation way: In request to keep representatives fulfilled and inspired for work, managers n eed to impart their techniques to representatives and disclose to them how their methodologies are predictable with the necessities of the business. Along these lines, representatives should be occupied with work for which the worker boss affinity is very fundamental. 3. Adaptability throughout everyday life: Having accomplished a better quality of living, one of the key needs of every single working individuals is to have expanded power over their own and public activity. The regular 40 hr week that has been so for long is currently evolving. Individuals need the opportunity of obligation hours and businesses frequently have no issue except if the work is influenced. In today’s workplace, approaches to convey have changed a great deal. The changing patterns sway numerous ventures and thus, the vocation plans. An investigate the future: considering the previously mentioned inclinations of representatives in the workplace, the workplace later on would be all the more agreeing to the employees’ wants as it has before. Clearly an electronic framework would be expanded being used later on. Along these lines, it bodes well to evaluate the future work conditions for representatives keeping the electronic framework into consideration.â

Institutional Profile and Types of Entrepreneurship Role of National Innovation System Components - Free Essay Example

ABSTRACT This study advances scholarship on the institutions-entrepreneurship relationship. Previous studies propose that the dimensions of a country’s institutional profile (Kostova, 1997) directly impact entrepreneurial activities in general and regardless of the type (Valdez and Richardson, 2013; Stenholm, Acs and Wuebker, 2013). Furthermore, while there are several studies indicating that personal characteristics such as age, gender, employment status, household size, marital status may influence the type of entrepreneurship (Robichaud, LeBrasseur, Nagarajan, 2010; Block Wagner, 2010; Verheul Van Mil, 2011? Ashourizadeh, Chavoushi Schà ¸tt, 2014? Jensen, Rezaei, Wherry, 2014), there is a limited knowledge about the role of institutional structures. To address this gap, in this study, we cross level analyze 10776 individuals from 55 diverse countries to find out how countries institutional factors (e.g. countries’ institutional profile and national innovation system) encourage people to choose specific type of entrepreneurship. Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling, the findings indicate that neither institutional profile nor national innovation system factors solely determine the choice between opportunity motivated entrepreneurship (OME) and necessity motivated entrepreneurship (NME); however, OME tends to be higher in instances when supportive institutional arrangements (cognitive, normative and regulatory) get coupled with national innovation system factors. The study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of embedded agency within the institutional logics perspective. It bridges the literatures on individual entrepreneurship and the institutional logics perspective. Furthermore, the study provides context and evide nce on the impact of entrepreneurial education, access to the latest technology and support from venture capitalists on individuals’ entrepreneurial choice. Keywords: Entrepreneurship; National Innovation System; Country Institutional Profile INTRODCTION Do institutions have equal impact on everyone in the society? Under what circumstances individuals will may act differently in terms of choosing entrepreneurial activity? Which individuals are more likely to start a business to exploit un-exploited or under-exploited opportunity rather than starting a business merely out of necessity? These are key issues in examining how social, economic, cultural, and technological change occur? Yet, the literature is yet to fully address them. Though some scholars have examined the role of institutions (e.g. cognitive, normative and regulatory) on the rate of entrepreneurship (Valdez and Richardson, 2013) no one has explored which institutional factors are responsible for individuals choosing specific type of entrepreneurship. Under the institutional logics perspective, such questions can begin to be answered. The main focus of the institutional logics perspective (e.g. Thornton Ocasio, 1999? Thornton, 2002? Seo Creed, 2002? Thornton, Ocasio, Lounsberry, 2012? Pache Santos, 2012? Friedland, 2013) is in the way broader belief systems may shape the cognition, behavior, identity, and goals of economic actors. Under this view, entrepreneurs demonstrate individual agency subject to complex systems of institutional forces. While, usually individuals comply and agree with dominant institutional forces which shape their willingness and ability to act? Under specific circumstances and within certain contexts, individuals may contrast from each other in terms of engaging in business activities (Battilana D’Aunno, 2009? Lawrence, Suddaby, Leca, 2009). This situation of limited freedom due to institutions is known as embedded agency (Granovetter, 1985? Seo Creed, 2002? Garud Karnoe, 2003? Greenwood Suddaby, 2006? Green, Li, Nohria, 2009). To help address issues relating to embedded agency under the growing institutional logics perspective literature’s view of individuals’ future goals, we examine individuals’ choice in new venture activity. It seems plausible that regulative, cognitive, and normative institutions will affect the types of opportunities people see, the decision to start up a venture, the types of organizations they form, the financing arrangements, the management methods they employ, and the growth they achieve (Valdez and Richardson, 2013; Stenholm, Acs and Wuebker, 2013). The institutional context provides the tools, models, and constraints that shape the entrepreneur’s choices about each of these (Valdez and Richardson, 2013). In this study, we address the role that institutional factors play in shaping individuals’ behavior to engage in specific type of entrepreneurship. we do so by examining whether innovation level moderates the relationship between nation’s institutional profile and entrepreneurial choice. Entrepreneurial choice was selected as the appropriate outcome variable because not all types of entrepreneurship have equal impact on countries’ economic development (Acs and Varga, 2005). Results indicate that in countries where the innovation level is higher, supportive and facilitative cognitive, normative and regulatory may encourage potential entrepreneurs to get more engaged with opportunity entrepreneurial activities rather than necessity motivated ones. This study has several implications for the understanding of institutions, entrepreneurship, and opportunity recognition. First, it further demonstrates the value of the institutional logics perspective in explaining the nature of how institutions impact individuals. By highlighting a situation in which agents differ in their responses to institutional forces, the importance of one of the institutional logics perspective’s defining features, embedded agency, is further validated. Second, this study advances understanding about the entrepreneurial opportunity (Shane, 2000). Entrepreneurship scholars have increasingly grappled with whether personal or contextual characteristics matter most for successful entrepreneurship. Third, this study has important implications for the study of nations’ economic development. It does so by highlighting conditions in which national innovation system factors seem to have a stronger impact on potential entrepreneurs’ entrepreneuri al choice. Specifically, supportive institutional profile components coupled with higher levels of entrepreneurial education, access to the latest technology and support from venture capitalists, increase the likelihood of individuals getting engaged in opportunity motivated entrepreneurship rather than necessity motivated ones. THEORY DEVELOPMENT Institutional Logics, Embedded Agency, and Entrepreneurship The institutional logics perspective considers institutions as the outcomes of systems of interconnected and logically cohesive ideologies that have taken root within societies over long periods of time. These systems of institutional logics are socially constructed, historical outlines of material practices, conventions, values, beliefs, and rules by which individuals produce and reproduce their material subsistence, organize time and space, and provide meaning to their social reality (Thornton Ocasio, 1999). In sum, institutional logics are the underlying thought patterns and worldviews that support and shape human behavior. Each institutional logic includes several practices, beliefs, values, and rules. By participating with these institutions, agents gain identity, legitimacy, a basis of attention, a basis for strategy, and goals for the future (Ocasio, 1997). Relying on these insights, the notion of embedded agency is supported arguing that individuals are embedded agents using individual discretion within a complex institutional environment (Thornton, Ocasio, Lounsbury, 2012). In other words, people have freedom, but it’s limited. All the time, individuals’ activities are formed based on the logics they are surrounded with. Individuals end up choosing which goals to pursue based on the institutional logic that shapes their focus of attention (Thornton et al., 2012). Individuals’ focus of attention is shaped by: (a) the degree to which a particular institutional logic has been historically institutionalized within a given society (b) the degree to which agents are embedded in fields consisting of conflicting logics and (c) the situational context(s) (i.e. the immediate time and place) in which individuals find themselves (Thornton, et al., 2012). Institutional arrangements and entrepreneurial activity There have been quite a few studies of the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and what we are calling institutional variables, such as culture, government regulations, and economic policies. These are described later. There have also been a few studies examining the three pillars of institutions around entrepreneurship. Since it is difficult to develop and operationalize measures of institutional pillars, not many studies have investigated the role of institutional arrangements on entrepreneurship. While some of them viewed the Scott’s (1999) three institutional pillars as dependent constructs (e.g., Hirsch, 1997), other studies treated them as separate constructs that have different impacts on entrepreneurial activities (Busenitz, Gomez, Spencer, 2000). This is in line with previous research and arguments by Kostova (1997) and Scott (1995, 1998). Even accepting the argument that the three pillars have considerable conceptual overlap in the institutional literature, the argument by these scholars is that the constructs can be defined to focus on three distinct dimensions of institutions. The notion of a â€Å"country institutional profile† was introduced by Kostova (1997). Kostova believed that nation business behavior could be explained through the understanding of government policies, common shared knowledge by a society or culture, and the societal values and norms. However, this profile must be directed toward a specific sphere of activity or field and cannot be generalized across multiple domains. Busenitz et al. (2000) used Kostova’s approach using college business students to develop and validate measures of the regulative, cognitive, and normative dimensions of a nation’s institutional profile particularly around entrepreneurship activity. Cultural-Cognitive Components The cognitive institutional pillar refers to the people’s collective understandings of the social reality that is used as a reference of meaning within a society. This pillar states that society’s cognitions form the individuals’ interpretations and beliefs (DiMaggio Powell, 1983; Meyer Rowan, 1977; Scott, 1995). â€Å"Traits† research stream literature is an example of cognitive research in entrepreneurship, which goes back to Weber (1904) and McClelland (1961), who used the Protestant work ethic and the need for achievement to explain the apparent differences in entrepreneurship among societies. Thereafter, there has been an extensive body of entrepreneurship research investigating the relationship between different aspects of entrepreneurship and cognitive factors (particularly from entrepreneurial trait perceptive) such as innovativeness (McClelland, 1987; Schumpeter, 1949), risk-propensity (Sexton Bowman, 1983; Shaver Scott, 1991), persistence (Ne ider, 1987), internal locus of control (Shapiro, 1975; Shaver Scott, 1991), desire for personal control (Greenberger Sexton, 1988), need for achievement (McClelland, 1987; Shaver Scott, 1991), self-efficacy (Chen, Greene, Crick, 1998), and energy level ( Sexton Bowman-Upton, 1986). While some studies revealed that some traits may be universal to entrepreneurship activity (e.g., Baum et al., 1993; McGrath, MacMillan, Scheinberg, 1992), others believed that culture plays a significant role in entrepreneurial activity (Thomas Mueller, 2000). Due to the limitations of the individual traits approach, entrepreneurship scholars have shifted their focus toward national level cognitive factors, mostly the elements of national culture. While this approach avoids the issue that intrinsic personal traits can completely predict the individual behavior, the major limitations of studies adopting this approach (e.g., Baum et al., 1993; McGrath et al., 1992; Shane, 1992), are that they are mostly concentrated on the United States and Western Europe (Thomas Mueller, 2000), and are focused on Hofstede’s (1980:25) definition of national culture which is â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another . . . [an d] includes systems of values† (Hayton, George, Zahra, 2002). Addressing these limitations, some recent studies (e.g., Valdez and Richardson, 2013; Stenholm, Acs and Wuebker, 2013), have attempted to incorporate measures of cognitive attributes into a broader set of institutional measures. Additionally, using available cross-national data on differences among entrepreneurs’ knowledge, beliefs, and understanding as indicators of differences in country-level cognitive institutions, these recent studies, have tried to lessen the limitations of the existing measures of cultural dimensions. The results acknowledge the notion that the variance of entrepreneurial cognitions across countries will result in different rates of entrepreneurship. However, they do not provide the full picture since they mostly miss other measures of institutional constructs including normative and regulative (Kostova, 1997; Busenitz et al., 2000). Normative Components Social norms, values, and beliefs related to human behavior form the normative institutional pillar (Scott, 1995; Busenitz et al., 2000). Within a society, perspectives are shared socially, embedded and transmitted by people (Kostova, 1997) and they gain legitimacy based on the extent to which the related action is getting accepted (Veciana Urbano, 2008). Translating these insights into entrepreneurship language, norms and values can define the desirability of entrepreneurship as a career within a society. In other words, individuals entrepreneurial intentions are influenced by the attitudes, beliefs and expectations of a social reference group which ca be family, relatives, and also a larger set of social references (national-level) (Krueger, Reilly, Carsrud, 2000; Stenholm, Acs Wuebker, 2013). Indeed, prior studies have found a positive correlation between the rate of new venture creation and a positive view toward entrepreneurs, and a negative correlation between undesirable so cietal view toward those who previously failed and the founding rates within a country. For instance, Lounsbury and Glynn (2001) found that the extent to which successful entrepreneurs are introduced publicly is significantly associated with entrepreneurial activity in a society. In fact, a favorable impression of entrepreneurial activity by educational system and the media can make access to necessary resources easier for entrepreneurs (Verheul, Wennekers, Audretsch, Thurik, 2002; Stenholm, Acs Wuebker, 2013). What makes the normative pillar distinct from the cognitive pillar is that the normative pillar is concerned with what people consider legitimate, acceptable ways of gaining something that has broad societal approval, while the cognitive pillar reflects principles that are believed and internalized by individuals (DiMaggio Powell, 1983). In other words, the normative elements are broader and more collective social pulses of what is legitimate in the view of the society; while the cognitive elements are aggregates of every single individual’s concepts and beliefs that drive individuals (Valdez Richardson, 2013). Regulatory Components The regulatory pillar refers to policies, rules and laws that shape individual behaviors (Scott, 1995; Veciana Urbano, 2008). This dimension of institutional arrangement can either promote or hinder entrepreneurship through defining the extent of risk involved in the formation and start of a new business (Baumol Strom, 2007). Further, regulatory institutions influence entrepreneurship by influencing the access to the resources required by individuals to create new businesses (Busenitz et al., 2000) or even the ease of starting a new business (Verheul et al., 2002). In general, entrepreneurial opportunities are higher in nations with less regulation, free markets and few barriers to entry (El-Namaki, 1998) and small-business sector is larger where business start-up costs are lower (Ayyagari, Beck, Demirguc-Kunt,2007). In countries with unstable regulatory settings and lack of intellectual property rights, respectively, entrepreneurship opportunity cost may increase significantly a nd individuals may be discouraged to specialize or exploit their capabilities to the fullest (Aidis, 2005; Autio Acs, 2010). Further, weak support from regulatory institutions may result in unproductive country-level entrepreneurship (Webb, Tihanyi, Ireland, Sirmon, 2009) and excessive bureaucracy, taxation and other types of regulations have negative effects on entrepreneurial activities and new venture creation (Webb et al. 2009). Fiscal incentives, tax rates, subsidies, labor market regulation, and bankruptcy legislation are other examples of how regulations can directly impact entrepreneurship in a society through determining the rewards and the risks of the various occupational opportunities (Wennekers, Uhlaner, Thurik, 2002). In fact, laws and regulations that restrict economic freedom result in enhancement of the transaction cost for entrepreneurially-oriented individuals who want to launch a new venture. Thus, regulatory arrangements can be set in a way to manipulate this equation to make â€Å"new venture creation† easier for entrepreneurs (McMullen, Bagby Palich, 2008). Types of Entrepreneurial Activity In the previous sections, it was mentioned that countries institutional profile components (cognitive, normative and regulatory) have positive impacts on the rate of entrepreneurship in general. Entrepreneurial activity can be conceptualized as either opportunity or necessity motivated. Opportunity motivated entrepreneurship activities are embarked upon in the spirit of innovation (Wennekers Thurik, 1999) and profit and growth (Carland, Hoy, Boulton, Carland, 1984) or may entail the leveraging of existing information in a new way (Kirzner, 1973, 1985, 1997). On the other hand, a necessity-motivated venture may be undertaken to provide employment and meet financial obligations out of economic necessity (Reynolds et al., 2002). An opportunity-motivated entrepreneur might create a new company and establish a new venture even he or she may have other occupations to satisfy their financial needs. On the other side, a necessity-motivated entrepreneur would generally start a new business to provide self-employment. Based on these insights, it could be argued that opportunity-motivated entrepreneurship has the potential to advance a country’s economy, while necessity entrep reneurship mainly sustains it. Previous research has indicated that necessity- and opportunity-motivated entrepreneurship should be considered separately when attempting to understand how context relates to the level of entrepreneurial activity (Valdez Richardson, 2013). Institutions appear to shape both the type and the level of entrepreneurial activity. In a study using 2001 GEM data, two elements of the culture-cognitive pillar were significantly related to these two branches of entrepreneurship (Morales-Gualdrà ³n Roig, 2005). Specifically, when respondents felt that they had the skills, knowledge, and experience to start a business, they were more likely to engage in both opportunity- and necessity-motivated entrepreneurship. When respondents were fearful of starting a business, they were less likely to engage in either type of entrepreneurship. The environmental context of countries may support one type of entrepreneurship more than the other (Valdez and Richardson, 2013). Opportunity motivated entreprene urship is more consistent with the Schumpeterian innovations which contribute significantly to economic growth through providing greater job growth, exports, and exploitation of new market niches (McMullen, Bagby Palich, 2008). While previous studies believe that opportunity entrepreneurship has a positive significant effect on economic development, Acs and Varga (2005) go beyond that and argue that necessity motivated entrepreneurship has no effect (Acs and Varga, 2005). Accordingly, it would be critical for countries to encourage their potential entrepreneurs to choose opportunity motivated entrepreneurship over necessity motivated ones. The environmental context of countries may support one type of entrepreneurship more than the other (Valdez and Richardson, 2013), so it can be assumed that set of institutional structures that provide an opportune environment for innovations and knowledge-driven economic growth would increase the probability of people being engaged more in opportunity motivated entrepreneurship. Necessity/Opportunity entrepreneurship and country-level innovation As it was described earlier, necessity entrepreneurship comprises of individuals who decide on entrepreneurship without considering any entrepreneurial opportunity, because they do not have a better employment alternative, and opportunity entrepreneurship, which constitutes the voluntary decision to enter the entrepreneurial career in order to exploit an unexploited or underexploited entrepreneurial opportunity, either imitative (Kirznerian) or innovative (Schumpeterian), even if other employment alternatives are available (Reynolds et al., 2002) Accordingly, it can be expected that the necessity entrepreneurship and opportunity entrepreneurship may have different relationships with level of innovation, since the two activities are fundamentally different (cf. Reynolds et al. 2002). In the case of necessity entrepreneurship, it is highly likely that the entrepreneurial action is related to a negligible extent of innovation, and therefore, that necessity entrepreneurship either has no significant relationship or even a negative relationship with innovation, when the aggregated national level is taken into consideration (Mro?ewski Kratzer, 2016). This tendency is a result of the fact that necessity entrepreneurs, e.g. unemployed persons, tend to have less human capital and entrepreneurial talent (Lucas 1978; Thurik et al. 2008) and are less likely to sustain growth-oriented firms (Wong et al. 2005; Shane 2009). Necessity entrepreneurship may therefore be better classified as self-employment rather than as growth entrepreneurship (Anokhin and Wincent 2012). If a country’s entrepreneurship structure is dominated by this kind of unproductive entrepreneurship, growth-oriented entrepreneurial strategies (e.g. innovation) are not likely to be prevalent among ent repreneurs, which results in less innovation on the national level. Consequently, the relationship between innovation and necessity entrepreneurship is either insignificant or negative (Mrozewski, Kratzer, 2016) On the other side, opportunity entrepreneurs have the motivations to advance their economic, social or mental status through the pursuit of a certain entrepreneurial opportunity. It is very common for opportunity entrepreneurs to give up employment alternatives and in effect face high opportunity costs. This is why opportunity motivated entrepreneurship is characterized by high levels of risk. This situation translates into a high degree of motivation, a strong goal orientation as well as a more sophisticated business strategy (e.g. innovation), which guarantees satisfying returns in order to level opportunity costs (Mrozewski, Kratzer, 2016). At an aggregated level, therefore, it is expected that countries with lower innovation levels will have relatively high necessity-driven entrepreneurial activity and countries with higher innovation levels will have relatively high opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity. National innovation system The theoretical framework that allows scholars to identify the distinctive aspects of a nations innovation environment that provides people with more opportunities is reflected in National Innovation Systems which refers to the flow of knowledge, technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions which is key to the innovative process at the national level (OECD, 1996, Bartholomew, 1997). Country-specific general and structural components of society (such as political and educational systems) influence the accumulation and diffusion of knowledge required for innovation. Institutional perspectives mention two ways in which national institutional arrangements impact country patterns of innovation. First, the societal institutions which support industrial innovation vary substantially country by country. For example, in many countries, the policies and practices of a nations universities and government research institutes are shaped by the nations singular historical development. In other words, since technology-driven industries are often supplied by universities and research institutes for knowledge and human capital, the technological performance of a countrys firms is influenced by the features of these institutions (Ergas, 1987; Nelson, 1993; Porter, 1990). Second, national context influences the institutional arrangements and behavioral patterns of firms and indivi duals. For example, the organization of work and patterns of communication within and between firms, or between firms and universities reflect broader societal characteristics that have been imprinted on firms and institutionalized over time (Kogut 1991; Powell and DiMaggio 1991). A country’s innovative performance extremely relies on the way these elements work with each other to create and diffuse knowledge and technology. For example, public research institutes, academia and industry serve as research producers carrying out RD activities. On the other hand, governments either central or regional play the role of coordinator among research producers in terms of their policy instruments, visions and perspectives for the future (Bartholomew, 1997). Furthermore, in order to enhance innovation level in a country, innovative actors must get coupled with each other and the government has to promote and activate trust among the different innovation actors (Chung, 2002). These corporations could take place in forms of joint research, personnel exchanges, cross patenting, and purchase of equipment (OECD, 1997). NIS has been captured in different ways in previous studies (Bartholomew, 1997, Godin, 2009). Examples include capital market actors like venture capitalists; a skilled labor force, laws related to the use of information technology as well as the availability of the latest technologies; and the proximity of universities (Bruno and Tyebjee, 1982; Lee, Florida Acs, 2004; van De Ven, 1993). In following section, I am going to see how the components that shape a nation’s innovation performance, affect the likelihood of potential entrepreneurs getting involved in opportunity motivated entrepreneurship, which is significantly related to the level of innovation in a country. Entrepreneurship Education and Training There are several arguments for why individuals differences in terms of education play an important role in explaining the discovery of and opportunities. There is a network argument that relates education to opportunity recognition. Whereas prior research has often focused on how access to resources is important after opportunities for business creation have been recognized (Steven- son and Jarillo, 2007), Arenius Clercq (2005) argue that opportunities are recognized by some individuals and not by others based on their differential access to resources. More specifically, they reason that individuals education may enhance opportunity recognition through the facilitation of access to knowledge, e.g., connections to other knowledgeable others such as alumni network contacts (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990; Burt, 1992). It can be also argued that individuals educational level will positively affect the likelihood to perceive opportunities because highly-educated individuals have a broader knowledge base to draw from and thus a higher likelihood that they can relate this knowledge to potential entrepreneurial opportunities (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990). training and education specifically in the field of entrepreneurship, in one hand, enhances populations ability to recognize and pursue entrepreneurial economic opportunities and on the other hand provides people with the necessary technical skills and competencies required to launch new start-up firms (Hynes, 1996; Henry, Hill Leitch, 2005). Based on the arguments above, it can be hypothesized that: Hypothesis 1: Countries’ institutional profile will be more significantly positively associated with OME in countries with higher levels of Entrepreneurship Training and Education. University–Industry Collaboration The collaboration between universities and the industry is increasingly perceived as a vehicle to enhance innovation through knowledge exchange. The collaboration between industries and universities is defined as interaction between any parts of the higher educational system such as universities and industry aiming mainly to encourage knowledge and technology exchange (Stenholm, Acs and Wuebker, 2013). Countries vary in the extent to which firms collaborate with research institutions and higher educational system, reflecting differences in the commercial orientation of academia (Kenney, 1986; Ergas, 1987). Promoting university–industry collaborations results in improvemnets in innovation and economic competitiveness at institutional levels (e.g. countries and sectors) through knowledge exchange between academic and commercial domains (Perkmann et al., 2013). Additionally, linkage between universities and industries has been accepted as a determining tool for enhancing organizational capacity in open innovation — where an organization employs external networks in developing innovation and knowledge (Dess Shaw, 2001), as a complementary option to traditional internal RD (Harvey Tether, 2003). Summarizing these arguments, it can be stated that, collaboration between universities and industry is largely seen as one approach to improve innovation in the economy by facilitating the flow and utilization of technology-related knowledge and experience across sectors (Inzelt, 2004; Perkmann, Neely Walsh, 2011). Since, opportunity motivated entrepreneurship is characterized by innovation level, it can be assumed that higher levels of university–industry collaborations, may induce higher opportunity motivated entrepreneurial activities. This leads to the second hypothesis: Hypothesis 2: Countries’ institutional profile will be more significantly positively associated with OME in countries with higher levels of University–Industry Collaboration. Availability of Latest Technology The most traditional way that comes to our minds in terms of knowledge flow in the innovation system may be the diffusion of technology as new equipment and machinery. Nations vary substantially in manner in which technology is diffused within the society (Bartholomew, 1997). In some nations technology diffusion is considered to be an explicit part of the governments mandate; diffusion-oriented innovation policies†. Accordingly, programs, institutions and structural linkages are established by government expressly for this purpose of facilitating industrys appropriation of new scientific developments (Ergas, 1987; Ostry, 1990). Most studies show that technology diffusion at country level has positive impacts on productivity and innovation. The dissemination of technology is also shown to be as important as RD investments to innovative performance in many cases (Lundvall, 2007)

International Healthcare Comparisons - 1741 Words

International Healthcare Comparisons Globally, countries struggle with the challenge of providing adequate healthcare services to all their citizens. The United States spent approximately 17.6% of its GDP on healthcare in 2010, which could escalate to close to 19.6% in 2021 if cost containing measures are not put in place to control healthcare spending (The Commonwealth Fund, 2012). Even with this large amount of healthcare spending, the U.S. has almost 50 million residents without health insurance and 29 million who are underinsured (The Commonwealth Fund, 2012). Tanner (2008) estimates â€Å"total U.S. healthcare spending exceeds $1.8 trillion dollars, more than Americans spend on housing, food, national defense, or automobiles† (p.2).†¦show more content†¦Healthcare Rationing One important factor all of healthcare systems need to take into consideration when developing policies is the ease for patients to access services. Rationing in countries with universal he alth systems occurs in several forms. In Great Britain, wait times are a major problem resulting in long delays to be admitted to hospitals, cancer patients not receiving timely treatments, and long interval times to see specialists (Tanner, 2008). Tanner (2008) states chronically ill patients may not be able to receive treatment at all because their illnesses is not considered a cost effective endeavor. Lopes, Coppola and Rise (2010) explain the National Health Service (NHS) has made some efforts to address the long wait times, especially for specialist treatments by contracting with private health sector to decrease the length of time Britons have to wait for services. Britons can also purchase private health insurance independently or receive it through their employer if they want access to more timely services; however, they cannot opt out of the national program (Lopes, Coppola, Riste, 2010). 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Death Penalty Pros and Cons - 1636 Words

Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty The death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death as a punishment for a crime. The death penalties are usually carried out for retribution of a heinous murder committed, such as aggravated murder, felony killing or contract killing. Every state handles what method they want to use to put a person to death according to their state laws. The death penalty is given by lethal injection, electrocution; gas chamber firing squad and hanging are some of the ways that certain states may carry out their death penalty procedures. I will present some views and personal opinion dealing with the pros and cons of the death penalty. The death penalty is such a life altering subject that affects†¦show more content†¦Death penalty case costs were counted through to execution (median cost $1.26 million). Non-death penalty case costs were counted through to the end of incarceration (median cost $740,000). (December 2003 Survey by the Kansas Legislative Post Audit) In Tennessee, death penalty trials cost an average of 48% more than the average cost of trials in which prosecutors seek life imprisonment. (2004 Report from Tennessee Comptroller of the Treasury Office of Research) In Maryland death penalty cases cost 3 times more than non-death penalty cases, or $3 million for a single case.(Urban Institute, The Cost of the Death Penalty inMaryland,March 2008)In California the current system costs $137 million per year; it would cost $11.5 million for a system without the death penalty.(California Commission for the Fair Administration of Justice, July 2008). According to Priya Johnson this because, the cost incurred prior to and during the trial, involves an endless stream of appeals, legal wrangling, etc. According to Priya Johnson such trials as a death penalty trials, special motions and extra time for jury selection are required. 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Currently, there are thirty three states where the death penalty is legal and seventeen states that have abolished it . I believe the death penalty should be legal th roughout the nation. Crime is all around, Wherever we look we find criminals and crime. Criminals have become a part of peoples daily lives,Some criminals commit a crime

Abortion Essay Intro Example For Students

Abortion Essay Intro In three weeks, Jennifer will leave for college. She broke up with herboyfriend two weeks ago, and today she found out she was pregnant. Should Jennifer have an abortion, or stop all her plans and have a babyat eighteen? Either way the decision is hers to make. On January 22,1973 the landmark decision of Roe vs. Wade occurring in the SupremeCourt made abortion a constitutional liberty (Francome 20). Legally,Jennifer can receive an abortion. Socially, however, she will enduremany more obstacles. Fighting for societys acceptanceIn todays American society, viewpoints on certain topics oftenconflict with what individuals believe is right. This is very evidentin the argument for acceptance of abortions among college students. However, with the rise of the anti-abortion movement this procedure hasbecome less accepted and harder to obtain. Should abortions amongcollege students be more widely accepted in society? According to aPlanned Parenthood study done in 1997, forty percent of seventee n yearolds will become pregnant before their twenty-fifth birthday. Thisstatistic is directly targeted at college age females. The answer isfar from being strictly a black and white issue, but my own viewpoint isyes abortions should be accepted among society for many reasons. Thecontroversial issue of abortion has many intertwining, surroundingcomplications. Such an issue is never concrete, in America, about 20% of Americans thoroughly oppose abortions, 20%thoroughly favor abortions, while a vast majority are muddled in themiddle' (Pojman and Beckwith 59). As with any pregnancy there areimpending risks involved and many extenuating circumstances that justifyan abortion. In a perfect world, abortions are not the best way toprevent unwanted pregnancies, but there are many bumps in the road,keeping the United States from being perfect.Defining Life?The main question facing society is the definition of a fetus point ofliving. Pro-Lifers believe that, a fertilized embryo is the foundatio nfor a living human being (National College Students for Life). Incontrast, pro-choicers argue that a human being is something moreconcrete with its own thought processes and consciousness. Petcheskyargues, the fetus is only a potential human being, and we confuseactual with potential (432). So who is right and who is wrong? Whomakes the definition of a living human being? These however, arequestions that will most likely never be resolved. Therefore, bothsides need to accept and respect each other views on the issue forsociety as a whole to be more accepting of abortion. Emotional InstabilityThe emotions that result from being in a college atmosphere and theemotions that occur with pregnancy do not coincide. Most collegestudents are not emotionally stable enough to carry or give birth to achild. As stated by Rosalind Petchesky, women between the ages ofeighteen and twenty are at the highest level of emotional insecurity and have proven to be unfit mothers (322). Entering college is a newexperience for teenagers which involves a new sense of freedom andresponsibility. College students are battling with being on their ownfor the first time, managing their time and studying. College studentshave too much emotional strain and stress on them to add the additionalstress of having a child. A survey was conducted among college malesand females on their various viewpoints of abortion. Of those surveyed,82% of both males and females claimed they did not feel that they wouldmake a capable parent while still remaining in college. Having a childbrings a whole new sense of responsibility that I do not believe collegestudents are able to handle. The added stress of morning sickness, moodswings, weight gain and other anxieties attributed to pregnancy wouldplace to much of a emotional strain on an already tense collegestudent. Pro-Lifers argue, if one is responsible enough to have sex,one should be responsible enough to deal with the consequences(National College Students for Life). I am in agreement with theresponsibility necessary to be a part of a sexual relationship but thereality of unwanted pregnancies is far too large to overlook. Studiesshow that each year, one million teenagers become pregnant and 85% ofthese pregnancies are unwanted (Detroit News). Of course there isalways the counter argument of putting the child up for adoption, butthat leads to more emotional entanglements. Having to go through a ninemonth period carrying a child growing inside you may cause you to becomeattached to that child, which may not receive the life it des erves atthat time. Consequences of unwanted pregnanciesWhen examining the records of any mental or penal institution andprison, one realizes that in too many cases the person was raised in ahousehold where the parents did not want the child (Landes 121). Achild requires love and compassion to grow and live a happy life. Thechildren that do not receive adequate attention often go to jail orbecome insane because they have never learned to love. Also becauseabortions are not always easily accessible or accepted, mothers findanother way to get rid of the child. This means that the children livein foster homes where they do not lead stable lives (Landes 122). Extenuating circumstancesMore than 87,000 rapes were reported in 1996, and 40% of those rapeswere considered date or acquaintance rape among women between the agesof sixteen and twenty, typical college age students (Willke 193). Rapeis a violent act that may leave a woman pregnant. Christina, a 20year-old rape victim, remarks on her decision of abortion rather thanadoption, losing a seven week fetus which weighed less than aspirintablet does not compare to losing a seven pound baby with hair andfingernails that would look like me (Bender and Leone 132). Regardlesshow much a mother loves her child, it is unbearably difficult to lookinto its face without thinking about the mortifying activity on how thechild was conceived. Rape is a harsh crime and having a baby remindingthe woman is too much to ask, unless she is totally willing. Abortions should also be more accepted and accessible to women whoselives are in danger or whose children will be born with a terminalillness. Pregnancy does not go with out health risks. However,teenage mothers are more likely to give birth to unhealthy children dueto their immaturity (Maloy 124). It is not fair to the child nor theparents to bring the child into the world under those circumstances. The parents life would be completely altered due to the demanding needsof terminal ill children and this would not correspond with a demandingcollege schedule. Breakdown of sociological expectationsSocietys expectations of todays generation also conflict with theacceptance of abortion among college students. All of our lives it isinstilled in us to further our education by attending a college oruniversity. Those females who have achieved this goal should be highlypraised. However, this praise and recognition is then shattered uponthem becoming pregnant. The treatment received and the emotionalstruggles endured will make it hard for a continuation of their collegeeducation, not to mention the emotional strength it takes to carry andthen supp ort a child. According to the same Planned Parenthood study,mentioned previously, the majority of female college students that havechildren in college, are not able to finish their college careers. Another issue that society deems important is family values, and onceagain, societys lack of acceptance of abortion conflicts with thisissue. We have been taught, and studies show, that a nuclear family ishealthiest. The probability of a pregnant college student being a partof a nuclear family, with two married parents, is low. As supported in the survey conducted, 30% of males said they would not support a childthat was a result of a one night stand. This leaves the child without atwo parent family, which is against societys norm that we are expectedto follow. Financial burdenSeventy-three percent of college students are receiving some form offinancial aid, grant, scholarship or student loan (College Board 1996). College students are usually already on a fixed and strict budget andchildren are a huge expense on top of that. It is estimated that8,000-10,000 dollars are spent on a newborn within its first year oflife (Hume 213). With or without support, many college students couldnot afford the expense of a child in addition to college expenses, andtherefore would be forced financially to drop out of school. Secondly,a large portion of the financial burden of children is held by medicalexpenses. There is a great insufficiency in the number of inexpensiveand accessible medical utilities for young adults without any form ofinsurance. To follow through with a healthy pregnancy, adequatepre-natal care must be given. Because the majority of pre-nataldevelopment occurs within the first trimester (Willke 46), favorabledevelopment requires frequent check ups, along with vitamins and drugsthat help prevent birth defects. Facilities that dispense such servicesare usually expensive and require medical insurance. After a child isborn, immunizations and follow up care is required. These proceduresalso require some form of payment. The majority of college students donot have jobs that provide adequate medical coverage, if they even havejobs. So obviously, for many reasons having and supporting a child is too much of a financial burdenon a college student and abortion seems the logical answer. Reconstruction EssayExtenuating circumstancesMore than 87,000 rapes were reported in 1996, and 40% of those rapeswere considered date or acquaintance rape among women between the agesof sixteen and twenty, typical college age students (Willke 193). Rapeis a violent act that may leave a woman pregnant. Christina, a 20year-old rape victim, remarks on her decision of abortion rather thanadoption, losing a seven week fetus which weighed less than aspirintablet does not compare to losing a seven pound baby with hair andfingernails that would look like me (Bender and Leone 132). Regardlesshow much a mother loves her child, it is unbearably difficult to lookinto its face without thinking about the mortifying activity on how thechild was conceived. Rape is a harsh crime and having a baby remindingthe woman is too much to ask, unless she is totally willing. Abortions should also be more accepted and accessible to women whoselives are in danger or whose children will be born with a terminali llness. Pregnancy does not go with out health risks. However,teenage mothers are more likely to give birth to unhealthy children dueto their immaturity (Maloy 124). It is not fair to the child nor theparents to bring the child into the world under those circumstances. The parents life would be completely altered due to the demanding needsof terminal ill children and this would not correspond with a demandingcollege schedule. Breakdown of sociological expectationsSocietys expectations of todays generation also conflict with theacceptance of abortion among college students. All of our lives it isinstilled in us to further our education by attending a college oruniversity. Those females who have achieved this goal should be highlypraised. However, this praise and recognition is then shattered uponthem becoming pregnant. The treatment received and the emotionalstruggles endured will make it hard for a continuation of their collegeeducation, not to mention the emotional strength it takes to carry andthen support a child. According to the same Planned Parenthood study,mentioned previously, the majority of female college students that havechildren in college, are not able to finish their college careers. Another issue that society deems important is family values, and onceagain, societys lack of acceptance of abortion conflicts with thisissue. We have been taught, and studies show, that a nuclear family ishealthiest. The probability of a pregnant college student being a partof a nuclear family, with two married parents, is low. As supported in the survey conducted, 30% of males said they would not support a childthat was a result of a one night stand. This leaves the child without atwo parent family, which is against societys norm that we are expectedto follow. Financial burdenSeventy-three percent of college students are receiving some form offinancial aid, grant, scholarship or student loan (College Board 1996). College students are usually already on a fixed and strict budget andchildren are a huge expense on top of that. It is estimated that8,000-10,000 dollars are spent on a newborn within its first year oflife (Hume 213). With or without support, many college students couldnot afford the expense of a child in addition to college expenses, andtherefore would be forced financially to drop out of school. Secondly,a large portion of the financial burden of children is held by medicalexpenses. There is a great insufficiency in the number of inexpensiveand accessible medical utilities for young adults without any form ofinsurance. To follow through with a healthy pregnancy, adequatepre-natal care must be given. Because the majority of pre-nataldevelopment occurs within the first trimester (Willke 46), favorabledevelopment requires frequent check ups, along with vitamins and drugsthat help prevent birth defects. Facilities that dispense such servicesare usually expensive and require medical insurance. After a child isborn, immunizations and follow up care is required. These proceduresalso require some form of payment. The majority of college students donot have jobs that provide adequate medical coverage, if they even havejobs. So obviously, for many reasons having and supporting a child is too much of a financial burdenon a college student and abortion seems the logical answer. Is there a solution?Now that all the problems of having a child in college have beendiscussed, its time to ask the question-Can anything be done to makeabortions among college students more socially accepted? I believesomething can be done and many different possibilities need to beproposed. More educationAs with any other issue, education is the basis of judgment. Accordingto psychologist, Dr. Martin J. Sternberg, the way children are educatedat a young age directly affects their behavior as adults (Pojman andBeckwith 418). Therefore, children need to be educated possibly asyoung as elementary school on the topic of abortion. At this agechildren are just starting to learn of societys expectation of them togo to college in the future. They then will be able to directlycorrelate the need of responsibility to raise a child with the strugglesof a college student, and learn they dont mix. Of course educationcannot stop at this age, and must continue throughout high school. Educating young children implants the notion in their minds, but highschool students are on a more mature level to comprehend information,especially dealing with sexual relationships. High school students arealso at the perfect age to realize the emotional and physical hardshipsthat would be endured if one was to have a child in college. Of thecollege students surveyed, 63% did not know exactly how an abortion wasperformed. Teaching children about abortion at a young age, and constant reinforcementthroughout their schooling will allow them to be more knowledgeable andaccepting if they are a part of, or know someone who is a part of such asituation, once they reach college age. In addition to education about abortion, education about alternativemethods of birth control is necessary. A study done in 1995 showed that82% of women that received abortions, that year, were not using anymethod of birth control at point of conception. It could be inferredfrom this statistic that these women did not have knowledge about birthcontrol or access to it. Again, starting at an early age in education,children should be taught the logistics of different methods of birthcontrol. In many states, including North Carolina, the only method ofbirth control allowed to be taught, by law, is abstinence. The pr esenceof pre-marital sex among teenagers in todays generation cannot beignored. Instead of trying to discount the number of teenagers thatparticipate in pre-marital sex, society should go with a more realisticapproach and educate them about birth control and therefore, there willbe fewer necessary abortions. Educating todays youth about abortion and birth control will conjureideas in them at a young age. With education comes knowledge, and withknowledge comes acceptance. Greater accessibilityMuch of the problem with accepting abortion is the lack of facilitiesthat perform abortions. Only thirteen percent of abortions areperformed within hospitals (Landes 64). The rest are performed outsideof hospitals in clinics. The Alan Guttmacher Institute surveyed and found only 2,680 abortion clinics in the United States. Eighty-eight percent of the clinics are only in metropolitan areas whereninety-eight percent of abortions are performed (Landes 64). Ruralcounties that contain colleges or universities do not have suchaccessibility to facilities that perform abortions. The AGI discoveredthat eighty-three percent of rural counties did not have clinics. Limited facilities that perform clinics poses a dilemma for collegestudents that may not have transportation or time, to travel tometropolitan areas. However, if colleges installed on-campus abortionclinics with certified doctors and psychologists, for counselingpurposes, this problem could be corrected. With on-c ampus abortionclinics, it would show the university to be more accepting andunderstanding of college students need for such medical facilities, andtherefore, society as a whole may be more accepting. The clinics shou